دانشگاه لرستان مطالعات جغرافیایی مناطق کوهستانی 2717-2325 6 4 2026 01 21 Architecture Design Based on Passive Defense: Spatial and Physical Strategies for Enhancing Urban Resilience (Case Study: Rasht City) طراحی معماری مبتنی بر پدافند غیرعامل؛ راهکارهای کالبدی ـ فضایی برای افزایش تابآوری شهری (مورد مطالعه: شهر رشت) 69 90 731381 10.22034/gsma.2025.2069983.1118 FA فائزه قلیزاده گروه معماری و شهرسازی، دانشکده مهندسی عمران و معماری، دانشگاه ملی مهارت، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-6699-2087 آرزو خرم گروه معماری و شهرسازی، دانشکده مهندسی عمران و معماری، دانشگاه ملی مهارت، تهران، ایران لیلا السادات حمیدیان دیو کلائی گروه معماری و شهرسازی، دانشکده مهندسی عمران و معماری، دانشگاه ملی مهارت، تهران، ایران معصومه عابدی گروه معماری، دانشکده عمران، معماری و هنر، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2025 08 26 1. Introduction Rasht, the capital of Gilan Province, due to its unique geographical conditions—including heavy rainfall, proximity to the Caspian Sea, and an extensive river network—is constantly exposed to natural hazards, particularly recurrent flooding. In addition, the city’s strategic location and high population density have increased its vulnerability to human-induced threats and potential crises. In recent years, the occurrence of devastating floods and the resulting damages have underscored the urgent need to enhance urban resilience and adopt passive defense strategies. Moreover, uncontrolled urban development, the deterioration of parts of the urban fabric, and the lack of safety standards in building design have weakened Rasht’s urban infrastructure, making it less capable of withstanding disasters. Many residential and public buildings lack the necessary standards to resist earthquakes or waterlogging, and crisis management systems remain underdeveloped. These deficiencies, in emergency situations, can lead to irreparable human and financial losses. Passive defense, as a preventive approach, can enhance urban security and resilience without relying on military tools—through intelligent urban design and resilient architecture. However, Rasht has yet to implement a comprehensive plan for integrating passive defense principles into its urban development and construction projects. This raises a critical question: How can spatial-physical strategies based on passive defense be employed to improve Rasht’s urban resilience against natural and human-induced hazards? 2. Methodology This study is applied in nature and, in terms of data collection, follows an exploratory-descriptive and analytical approach. Methodologically, it employs both qualitative and quantitative research methods. Data collection tools include interviews and questionnaires. The statistical population of the study consists of two groups: The first group comprises experts and professionals in the fields of architecture, urban planning, and urban development, selected through convenience sampling, totaling 25 participants. The second group includes local residents of Rasht, selected through random sampling. Using Cochran’s formula, the sample size was determined to be 384 individuals. For data analysis, grounded theory methodology and SPSS software were employed. 3. Results At the metropolitan scale, six semantic units were identified under two main categories: the distribution pattern of vital centers and emergency access systems. At the neighborhood level, six semantic units were classified into two categories: resilient neighborhood unit design and secure collective spaces. At the building scale, 22 semantic units were extracted, encompassing a range of components including: principles of defensive design, technical building details, integration of indigenous knowledge and modern technology, climate-adaptive architecture, quantitative design standards (spatial indicators), creation of secure spaces, concealment principles, and structural reinforcement strategies. Subsequently, Pearson correlation coefficients revealed a strong and statistically significant positive relationship—at the 0/99 confidence level—between the dimensions of urban resilience and spatial-physical strategies of passive defense in architectural design. Furthermore, regression analysis indicated that, based on the adjusted coefficient of determination, 0/95 of the variance in the dependent variables (economic, socio-cultural, environmental-physical, and institutional resilience) can be explained by the independent variable: spatial-physical strategies of passive defense. 4. Discussion This study presents a systematic set of strategies at metropolitan, neighborhood, and building scales, offering a comprehensive model for enhancing urban resilience in Rasht. These strategies, grounded in the principles of passive defense and tailored to local characteristics, aim to reduce vulnerability to floods and earthquakes, improve access to emergency services, and extend the lifespan of buildings—thereby simultaneously enhancing urban safety and residents’ quality of life. Implementation of these strategies through public participation, the use of reinforced local materials, and the adoption of appropriate technologies not only positions Rasht as a successful model of resilient urban planning, but also contributes to long-term cost reduction and the creation of sustainable employment—laying the foundation for socio-economic development in the region. This research demonstrates that integrating traditional knowledge with modern technologies can serve as a national strategy for intelligently addressing environmental challenges and securing a safer future for the citizens of Rasht. 5. Conclusion This study proposes a practical model for enhancing urban resilience in Rasht by offering spatial-physical strategies across metropolitan, neighborhood, and building scales. The implementation of these strategies—through the integration of indigenous knowledge and modern technologies—not only reduces vulnerability to hazards, but also contributes to sustainable development and improves the quality of life in Rasht. Author Contributions In the preparation and writing of this article, all authors (first, second, and et al) have contributed equally and jointly. All stages of the research, from study design and data collection to analysis of results and final writing of the article, are the result of collaboration and collective agreement of all authors. Data Availability Statement Data available on request from the authors. Acknowledgements We are very grateful to everyone who assisted us in conducting this research. Ethical Considerations All authors affirm that this research was conducted in accordance with ethical standards, with no data fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism. Funding This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest هدف: پژوهش حاضر با هدف، طراحی معماری مبتنی بر پدافند غیرعامل؛ راهکارهای کالبدی-فضایی برای افزایش تابآوری شهری رشت، انجام شده است. روش: از این رو، بر حسب هدف کاربردی، و از لحاظ نحوه گردآوری دادهها یک تحقیق اکتشافی-توصیفی و تحلیلی است. بر حسب روش تحقیق از نوع کیفی و کمی است. ابزار گردآوری اطلاعات، مصاحبه و پرسشنامه بوده و به منظور تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات از روش تئوری زمینهای و آزمونهای همبستگی پیرسون و تحلیل مسیر استفاده شد. بر اساس روش تئوری زمینهای، راهکارهای کالبدی-فضایی در سه بخش (کلانشهر، محلهای و ساختمانی) مورد بررسی قرار گرفته شد. نتایج: در بخش کلانشهر؛ 6 واحد معنایی در قالب دو مقوله: الگوی پراکندگی مراکز حیاتی و سامانه دسترسیهای اضطراری؛ در بخش محلهای، 6 واحد معنایی در قالب دو مقوله: طراحی واحدهای همسایگی مقاوم و فضاهای جمعی امن، در بخش ساختمانی؛ 22 واحد معنایی در قالب اصول طراحی پدافندی، جزئیات فنی ساختمان، تلفیق دانش بومی و فناوری، معماری تطبیق با اقلیم، استانداردهای کمی طراحی (شاخص های فضایی)، ایجاد فضاهای امن، اصول پنهانسازی و اصول مستحکم، شناسایی و استخراج شدند. سپس، مقادیر ضریب همبستگی پیرسون نشان داد که بین ابعاد تابآوری و راهکارهای کالبدی-فضایی پدافند غیرعامل در معماری رابطه مثبت و معناداری در سطح اطمینان 99 درصد وجود دارد. در ادامه نیز در تحلیل رگرسیون میتوان ادعا نمود که بر اساس ضریب تعیین تعدیل شده 95 درصد تغییرات متغیر وابسته (تابآوری اقتصادی، اجتماعی-فرهنگی، زیستمحیطی-کالبدی و نهادی) به وسیله متغیر راهکارهای کالبدی-فضایی پدافند غیرعامل تبیین میشود. نتیجهگیری: در مجموع، می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که طراحی مقاوم، فضاهای امن و استفاده از اصول پدافندی، سهم بالایی در تبیین و تقویت تاب‌آوری پایدار شهری ایفا می‌کند.

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