Introduction

Conclusion How to evaluate the sustainability of rural settlements depends on a set of environmental, social and economic factors. This research seeks to identify the sustainability indicators of the mountain villages of Assalem district of Talesh conty. The most important factors affecting the instability of this biological arena, in mountain settlements, the high risk-taking of the livestock and agriculture sector, the lack of transfer of public benefits to rural areas, the inequality of access to various opportunities, the gap between urban communities and remote mountain villages, in benefiting from Infrastructural and social facilities, the continuation of this situation in the villages will have consequences such as increasing rural-urban migration and subsequent population decline, disruption of the sex ratio, land use change, rural household poverty, and production decline. The mountain villages of Aasalam, despite their environmental capabilities, have suffered significant instabilities. Therefore, natural and ecological, economic, physical and infrastructural factors are influential variables in the instability of rural settlements.

Methodology

This research is applied from the point of view of purpose and descriptive in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of the research is 93 villages of assalem district in Talesh city. The data and information of this research have been examined through documentary and library studies, maps, and electronic files of geographic information system layers. The research analysis method is through geographic information system (GIS) spatial analysis tools. In this way, the environmental factors affecting the stability and instability of rural settlements are converted into vector layers in the GIS environment, and they are used to prepare the required thematic maps and binary maps to analyze the stability of the settlements.
 .3. Results
The distribution of the population and the spatial changes of the mountain villages have significant differences with the plains villages of the Islamic sector, in such a way that the plains villages have become more populated, but the mountain villages have gradually become less populated and deserted. However, some summer residences have become crowded due to tourist attractions.
 In general, the most important manifestation of the instability of mountain rural settlements is that sometimes they have a permanent population and at times they turn into temporary and even abandoned settlements. Of course, this trend is caused by the gradual migration of Talash mountain settlements to this area, as well as the concentration of out-of-region migrants in cities, rural markets, and large Jalga settlements.

Discussion

The population instability of the mountainous region against the ever-increasing compression of the population in the plains has caused the concentration of economic activities in the agricultural, industry and service sectors and has prevented the formation of economic activities and the physical and spatial development of the mountainous villages. Factors such as height, slope, climate, capability and land use, access to rivers, distance from fault lines, communication routes have played a significant role in the stability or instability of settlements in the region. After examining each of the factors affecting the stability or instability of villages, by combining the output maps from each of the seven factors, a final map is prepared that identifies stable and unstable areas. After producing all 6 binary maps, its output, the final binary map shows that the coastal lands, plains, mountain valleys, foothills and some places in the mountain plains are located in the range of stability and the field Unstable areas are mainly located in steep mountainous areas with thick forest cover and colder climate and far from communication routes and surface water sources. Therefore, 56 settlements with a population of 32,771 people, equal to (96%) live in settlements that have significant environmental, physical and socio-economic stability.

Conclusion

In general, the villages of this area are scattered in different ecological fields. which has caused differences in the access of villages to various institutional, educational, healthcare and commercial facilities, facilities and services, and is considered a determining factor in the stability or instability of the villages in the district, which has caused many villages in the mountainous areas to better access to their needed infrastructures, for the sustainability of social and economic life, they have become uninhabited or sparsely populated. On the other hand, the environmental and socio-economic conditions in the plains and foothills have caused the population of unstable areas to move to these settlements. Over time, such a process has caused a regional imbalance between stable and unstable areas, which, as a result, leads to overcrowding and accumulation of population in more favorable and more privileged areas.