Introduction

Historical markets are usually places where the city's identity is well visible. These markets not only have a unique architectural texture, but also contain an important historical and cultural heritage. In these markets, people's connection with the space is formed through collective memories, social interactions and everyday use of the space. This link ultimately leads to attachment to the place, which has a positive effect on the social and cultural sustainability of these places. Meanwhile, Tabriz market is one of the largest and oldest indoor markets in the world, which plays an important role in the formation of urban identity and place attachment of Tabriz people and even visitors. Historical markets such as Tabriz market, with their unique features such as native architecture, diverse social and economic functions, and rich cultural and commercial history, provide various grounds for creating place attachment. These places are not only important as commercial centers, but also as cultural and historical symbols, they play a significant role in preserving the urban identity. By providing a space for daily social interactions, markets have found an important place in urban life and thus help strengthen people's connection with place. As one of the historical cities of Iran, Tabriz has a special place in the history and culture of the country with one of the largest indoor markets in the world. Tabriz market with its magnificent architecture, variety of products, and the presence of different generations of traders, is not only a commercial center, but also a space for social and cultural interactions. However, in recent decades, urban developments, economic changes and modernization of urban spaces have created threats to people's place attachment to this historical market. The main issue is how to maintain and strengthen the attachment to the place in the historical market of Tabriz in a situation where modern developments and urban developments have affected the traditional atmosphere of this place. Due to the functional, physical and even social changes that this market is facing, there is a need to carefully examine the factors affecting attachment to a place and provide solutions to strengthen this emotional and cultural bond.
 

Methodology

This research was descriptive-analytical with a quantitative approach. The main tool of data collection is library documents and a questionnaire, which is designed to investigate various factors influencing the attachment to the place in the historical market of Tabriz. The statistical population of this research includes businesses and visitors. Cochran's formula with unlimited formula was used to determine the sample size. Considering that the statistical population includes a large number of businesses and visitors, the sample size is calculated based on the probability of 95% and the error of 5%. The required sample size is about 250 people. Sampling is done by simple random method to select a diverse mix of respondents. Each question is measured using a five-point Likert scale (from 1 = completely disagree to 5 = completely agree) to determine the level of influence of each factor on place attachment. After data collection, analysis was done using statistical software such as SPSS or Amos. Analyzes by structural equation modeling with second-order confirmatory factor analysis to verify the structure of the questionnaire and the validity of the classification of physical, environmental, socio-cultural and identity-historical factors and by Pearson correlation analysis: to investigate the relationship between different factors (physical, environmental, social - cultural, and identity-historical) and the degree of attachment to the place. From multiple regression: To identify the multiple effects of different factors on place attachment and to determine the effect of each factor for the validity and reliability of the research tool, content validity and Cronbach's alpha test were used for reliability

Results

Among the main research factors, identity-historical factors, with a factor loading of 88/0, especially cultural and architectural value (factor loading of 91/0), have the greatest effect on attachment to a place in the historical market of Tabriz city. And physical factors with a factor loading of 71/0 have the least effect on people's attachment to the historical market of Tabriz city. Finally, this analysis shows that the historical market of Tabriz, as an urban space rich in terms of historical and cultural values ​​and daily social interactions, is one of the most important factors that has increased people's attachment to this place. The results of regression analysis show that all factors (physical, environmental, social-cultural, and identity-historical) have a significant effect on place attachment, but identity-historical factors have the greatest effect with a beta coefficient of 39/0, followed by social factors. - Culture with a beta coefficient of 34/0, environmental factors with a beta coefficient of 31/0 and physical factors with a coefficient of 24/0 are in the next ranks.
 

Discussion

According to the results of the analysis, identity and historical factors play an important role in strengthening the attachment to the place in the historical market of Tabriz. This shows that the market, as an identity and historical symbol, forms an essential part of people's urban and national identity. Also, social and cultural factors are effective in strengthening this emotional bond due to social and daily interactions that take place in the market.
 

Conclusion

From the point of view of urban planning, in order to strengthen the attachment to the place, more importance should be given to preserving the historical and cultural identity of the market and encouraging social interactions in its public spaces. Also, improving environmental conditions such as natural lighting and proper ventilation can improve the experience of being in the market and strengthen people's sense of belonging to the environment. By applying these principles in urban planning, it is possible to transform the historical market of Tabriz into a lasting and sustainable space for future generations, where people depend on it not only economically but also culturally and socially.
Acknowledgments
This research did not receive any specific grant. From funding agencies
in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.