Introduction

Conflict is one of the most important and prominent aspects of social life. Conflict at different levels and degrees has brought beneficial or destructive effects. Attention to negative effects has led experts to adopt a negative attitude towards conflict, and in contrast, experts who consider effects such as growth, progress, creativity and effectiveness as the results of conflict emphasize the functional and positive aspects of conflict.
 

Methodology

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. It was conducted in the form of a field and survey based on the Thomas Kilman model and Afzal Rahim's standard questionnaire (1983). The questionnaire was designed based on a five-option Likert scale (very high, high, medium, low, very low) for the extent of use of conflict management techniques in the feasibility of land use in the Samen region and includes three sections: general information of the respondent, questionnaire guide (definitions of conflict management techniques and introduction of the target group), and questions related to the five conflict management techniques. In addition to providing descriptive statistics of the data, data analysis was carried out through inferential statistics and statistical tests, including: Pearson's correlation coefficient and eta correlation coefficient, using Spss26 software.

Results

The results indicate that the use of conflict management techniques is in line with top-down planning and there is no executive mechanism for effective conflict management in line with the interests of all actors, and conflicts are managed in line with the interests of those in power through dominance or avoidance.
Also, According to the results of the eta correlation coefficient test in Figure (5), it was found that the level of use of conflict management techniques by the agents and executive managers in the process of land use realization in the Samen region of Mashhad was different for four groups: urban managers, people, developers (investors and contractors), and specialists (consulting engineers of the detailed plan), and there are significant relationships between conflict management styles and the type of audience. Thus, the cooperation technique with 0.96, compromise with 0.95, and reconciliation with 0.91 had the highest correlation coefficient and the highest level of significance with the type of audience, and the avoidance technique with a correlation coefficient of 0.48 and the dominance technique with 0.32 had the lowest correlation with the type of audience. 
 

Discussion

Comparing the results of the present study with other studies, it can be said that the results of Demchuk et al.'s (2022) study also showed that the way conflicts are managed in urban communities and against different groups varies regionally and locally, and can be in the form of cooperation and mobilization, avoidance, or authoritarianism.The research of Ebrahimzadeh et al. (2023) also showed that the conflict management variable has a complete mediating role in the relationship between social capital and institutional effectiveness. In this regard, the results of the present study also showed that conflict management styles and how they are used can be effective in the feasibility of urban land use. The results of the study of Goodarzi (2018) also showed that the use of conflict management techniques against the employer, contractor, and consultant is different, and the use of reconciliation and cooperation techniques reduces the level of conflicts and improves the quality of relationships. The results of the present study also showed that the way in which conflict is managed by the agents and executive managers in the process of land use realization in the Samen region is different from that of urban managers, developers, people, and experts, and conflict management styles can be effective in improving the state of urban land use realization. It seems that what is important in research in the field of conflict management and can be part of future research is how and how to implement conflict management techniques between interested and influential actors. In fact, the implementation and effectiveness of conflict management is possible in line with combined top-down and bottom-up programs.
 

Conclusion

As shown in Figure (7), there is a direct and significant relationship between cooperation and compromise. This means that managers and executive agents have compromised more with their audience to increase cooperation in solving problems that have arisen in the process of realizing urban land use in the Samen region. There is also a direct and significant relationship between the level of dominance and compromise. This means that managers and executive agents have increased the level of compromise to resolve disputes in the process of realizing land use in the Samen region by using dominance over their audience. In addition, there is a significant and direct relationship between the level of compromise and avoidance.
In this study, it was found that there are significant relationships between the cooperation and compromise techniques with a correlation coefficient of 0.47, between the domination and compromise techniques with a correlation coefficient of 0.6, and between the compromise and avoidance techniques with a correlation coefficient of 0.57. This means that when the agents and executives have shown a tendency to cooperate, they have shown more compromise and have given up some of their demands in response to the needs of the other party. When they have tried to compromise and provide a middle ground between the needs of the parties but have not achieved the desired result, they have tried to exert influence and dominate the other party. In situations where even compromise has not yielded the desired result in resolving disputes, the agents and executives have tried to withdraw and avoid conflicts.